Download First Aid Clinical Algorithm For The USMLE Step 2ck 1st Edition pdf Easily In Format For Free
Authors: Jonathan Kramer-Feldman, MD Department Of Psychiatry University Of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Linda Jiang, MD Department Of Internal Medicine University Of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pages: 895
- Language: English
- Format: PDF
- Size: 74.8 MB
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Editors xi
Contributors xv
Introduction xix
Internal Medicine 1
Cardiology 1
1-1 Chest Pain 2
1-2 Ischemic Chest Pain 3
1-3 Post-MI Complications 6
1-4 Non-Ischemic Chest Pain (Cardiac) 8
1-5 Non-Ischemic Chest Pain (Pulmonary) 9
1-6 Non-Ischemic Chest Pain (GI) 10
1-7 Non-Ischemic Chest Pain (Musculoskeletal) 11
1-8 Congestive Heart Failure 12
1-9 Acute Decompensated Heart Failure 13
1-10 Cardiogenic Shock 15
1-11 Cardiomyopathy 18
1-12 Dilated Cardiomyopathy 19
1-13 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 22
1-14 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 25
1-15 ACLS Protocols: Adult Cardiac Arrest (VF/pVT/Asystole/PEA),
Adult Bradyarrhythmia, and Adult Tachyarrhythmia
with a Pulse 27
1-16 Bradyarrhythmias 30
1-17 Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias 32
1-18 Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias 35
1-19 Antiarrhythmic Drugs 37
1-20 Pericardial Disease 38
1-21 Valvulopathies 42
1-22 Syncope 44
1-23 Syncope (Cardiac) 45
1-24 Syncope (Non-Cardiac) 46
1-25 Hypertension 48
1-26 Hyperlipidemia 51
Gastroenterology 53
2-1 Dysphagia 54
2-2 Diarrhea 57
2-3 Chronic Inflammatory Diarrhea 58
2-4 Chronic Non-Inflammatory Diarrhea 61
2-5 Jaundice 64
2-6 Elevated Transaminases 67
2-7 Liver Cirrhosis and its Sequelae 72
2-8 Abdominal Pain 76
2-9 Melena 83
2-10 Hematochezia 85
2-11 Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies 87
Hematology-Oncology 89
3-1 Anemia 90
3-2 Microcytic Anemia 91
3-3 Normocytic Non-Hemolytic Anemia 94
3-4 Normocytic Hemolytic Anemia 96
3-5 Macrocytic Anemia 99
3-6 Bleeding Disorders 101
3-7 Coagulation Factor Disorders 102
3-8 Platelet Disorders 105
3-9 Hypercoagulability 109
3-10 Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis 111
3-11 Anticoagulation 113
3-12 Eosinophilia, Neutropenia, Transplant 114
3-13 Transfusion Reactions 116
3-14 Lymphoma 119
3-15 Leukemia 122
3-16 Plasma Cell Dyscrasias 125
3-17 Mediastinal Masses 128
3-18 Commonly Tested Cancers 129
3-19 Oncologic Emergencies 130
Endocrinology 131
4-1 Hypoglycemia 132
4-2 Hyperglycemia 134
4-3 Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes 136
4-4 Hypothyroidism 137
4-5 Hyperthyroidism 140
4-6 Thyroid Malignancies 143
4-7 Bone Mineral Disorders 145
4-8 Hypercalcemia 148
4-9 Hypocalcemia 152
4-10 Adrenal Insufficiency 154
4-11 Cushing’s Syndrome 157
4-12 Etiologies of Secondary Hypertension 160
Infectious Diseases 163
5-1 Respiratory Tract Infections 164
5-2 Pneumonia 165
5-3 Subacute Pulmonary Infections 168
5-4 Tongue Lesions 171
5-5 Throat Pain 173
5-6 Ear Pain 176
5-7 Sinusitis 178
5-8 CNS Infection in an Immunocompetent Host 180
5-9 CNS Infection in an Immunocompromised Host 183
5-10 Endocarditis 185
5-11 Cystitis 187
5-12 Acute Inflammatory Diarrhea 189
5-13 Acute Non-Inflammatory Diarrhea 192
5-14 Roundworm and Tapeworm Infections 194
5-15 Zoonoses 196
5-16 Arthropod-Borne Diseases 198
5-17 Fever in a Returning Traveler 200
5-18 HIV-AIDS 202
Introduction
Why should I use this book?
We are excited to introduce First Aid Clinical Algorithms for the
USMLE Step 2 CK, a new and improved study tool to help you excel
on the Step 2 CK. Unlike other textbooks that present diseases by
shared pathology, this book organizes material by presenting symptoms in algorithms meant to demonstrate the clinical reasoning
that should be used to answer the questions on test day.
Many chief complaints have broad differentials that are often
not helpful to consider in their entirety for any given patient.
Instead, a clinician or test-taker should notice a few initial clues
to narrow the differential from, say, dizziness to vertigo or a cardiac arrhythmia. Before developing a differential diagnosis. In this
book, this step is organized by “meta-algorithms” that show the
steps to reach a more specific chief complaint, for which there is an
algorithm/HYF page from the broader chief complaint (dizziness
to vertigo). These pages serve to describe frameworks for a chief
complaint and the initial salient features to note.
Algorithms present in a visually clear way the most vital information needed to discriminate between similarly presenting diagnoses and the correct timing of different management steps. The
benefit of this format is that it helps the reader to distill the “information overload” often present in Step 2 question stems to the
salient information that is needed to answer the questions quickly
and correctly without being bogged down in unnecessary details.
The book is comprised of paired algorithms and “High-Yield
Facts” (HYF) pages so that, for a given chief complaint, the diseases
that should be on your differential will be included in an algorithm
that provides a step-by-step method to guide you from the chief
complaint to the correct diagnosis and initial treatment. Accompanying each algorithm will be the HYF page, which lists the diseases
from the algorithm and includes pertinent high-yield information
that is not present in the algorithm, in particular, a brief clinical
vignette, management steps, and potential complications.
How should I use this book?
• It will be most helpful to begin using this book early in your
clinical education as you prepare for and start clerkships. The
specialty-specific chapters are designed to be study tools for the
shelf exams and will also provide frameworks for the patients
and diseases you encounter on the wards and in clinic. As you
work through the chapters on each clerkship, you will be well
prepared to review the book as a whole when studying for the
Step 2 CK exam.
•This book will help you to answer the 6 primary types of questions on the Step 2 CK (and shelf) exams:
1. “Diagnosis” questions simply ask you to diagnose the
condition based on a question stem and set of data. The
algorithm, as well as the clinical vignette on the HYF page,
should be studied to answer these questions.
2. “Treatment” questions ask you to identify the appropriate
treatment for the described condition. Often you must first
identify the condition based on the question stem. Studying
the algorithms (and potentially further treatment steps on
HYF pages) should prepare you well for these questions.
3. “Best next step” questions ask you to (implicitly) form
a differential and then decide the next step in either
diagnosis or treatment. Oftentimes the specific diagnosis is
not clear, but a management step must be chosen anyway.
The algorithm format is ideal for thinking through these
questions.
4. “Complications” questions ask you to predict the
treatment complication the patient is at risk for developing
based on the drug or procedure indicated once you know a
diagnosis or treatment. Use the algorithm to determine the
diagnosis and then the complications are listed in the HYF
page.
5. “Differentiate” questions ask what essential diagnostic test
will differentiate one diagnosis from another, closely related
diagnosis. The algorithm format is designed to focus on
these essential diagnostic steps.
6.Facts” questions ask for specifics on a disease once
you have identified it, such as epidemiology (often what
populations are at risk) and pathophysiology. The highestyield facts are covered in the HYF page.
• The algorithms are best used alongside practice questions.
After you finish a practice exam or question set, use this book
as you review incorrect (and correct) answers. Identify the
chief complaint and turn to the corresponding meta-algorithm
or primary algorithm. Alternately, as you glance through the
answer choices, identify the algorithm that best includes these.
Work your way down the algorithm using the data provided
in the question stem. If you made a mistake in the workup or
sequence of management, it should be clear where that mistake
was made based on the algorithm. If you answered correctly,
tracing your steps down the algorithm will help to reinforce
your reasoning.
•The algorithms can also be used to help to understand clinical decision-making on the wards or to provide guides for brief
on-rounds teaching on the management of specific complaints.
However, it should be noted that in instances of conflict, this
book favors the “test correct” approach, and occasionally this
approach may differ from usual clinical practice.
